Paper short abstract:

Forensic applications of craniofacial identification are described, including facial depiction of the dead, craniofacial superimposition, facial image comparison, skull reassembly and skull analysis. The success, efficacy, accuracy and reliability of the techniques will be discussed along with the implications for forensic investigations.

Paper long abstract:

The analysis of skulls and/or faces has been utilised in forensic investigation since the early 20th century.

Many craniofacial technqiues are utilised as investigative tools that may lead to identification. The interpretation of craniofacial morphology may be employed to depict the living facial appearance of unknown human remains in order to stimulate recognition; skull fragments may be reassembled in order to aid forensic anthropology or pathology assessment; and craniofacial analysis may estimate ancestry, age and sex or assess signs of trauma or disease.

In addition there are some craniofacial technqiues that are legally accepted methods of identification. The comparison of a skull with antemortem facial images of a suspect and the comparison of facial images may be utilised to identify both the living and the dead.

These techniques are described and discussed in relation to accuracy studies, reliability assessments and forensic success, along with the implications for DVI, forensic identification, mass grave analysis and criminal investigation.