Paper short abstract:

Hopes and frustrations of girls and women of inhabitants of Southern Zagros in Iran will be studied to show the tension between kinship and public domain, as supporters of individuals’ status and well being in society.

Paper long abstract:

Education has been a magical term implying progress, success, freedom for women. After few decades, results of indiscriminate hope is becoming evident. Questions regarding how much education, education in what fields, relationship of education with employment possibilities, relationship between jobs and other responsibilities facing women, and many others are being asked by women today. Is higher education a sacrifice on the part of women? Are there enough jobs for women with higher education? What are prospects for women having higher education to have their expected familial life also? Is the protection offered to individuals through law, insurance and other civic possibilities, the same as what was offered to them through family relationships? In regions where family gives power and protection and even job possibilities, how are women negotiating in these different domains. These are some of the questions I shall try to answer, studying a rural area in Southern Iran. Girls of a sedentarized population, descendants of previous pastor nomads, highly motivated, with great hopes they attend schools, and in their compositions they surface their hopes and these will be the material I shall study. Then I shall deal with employment of women in the same region, seeing if their numbers, their expectations and their hopes have been actualised.

Paper short abstract:

With this paper I want to give focus on those problems and obstacles which are responsible for Girls Education & Employment. How a girl fights for her rights and become independent in society with all respect.

Paper long abstract:

In INDIA access to education has improved a lot over the past few years and there has been quite encouraging trends in girls and women education. Education is the cornerstone of women's empowerment because it enables them to respond to opportunities to challenge their traditional/stigmatized role and change their lives. It is the potent tool (getting education) in the emancipation and empowerment of women.

Education facilities, an increase in knowledge and widens the mental horizon of a person. It brings about changes in the attitudes and values of a person regarding every aspect of life and develops the desire to improve through introspection.

So an educated women is not satisfied only with her domestic role(housewife).They have realized the importance of their existence and decided to utilize their intellectual abilities and skills to do some constructive work which gives them satisfaction and secures for their identity in family and society.

Paper short abstract:

Moorish women in Mauritania display an understanding, passed down orally from mother to daughter, of certain principles and provisions of islamic jurisprudence, that enables them to take initiatives to protect their wishes and interests when contracting and dissolving a marriage.

Paper long abstract:

In recent years, several Muslim countries have instituted significant legislative reforms, especially with respect to marriage (nikâh or zawaj) and divorce (talâq). In Mauritania, the government introduced the first personal status code in 2001. This code recognizes women's right to divorce (art. 92) or khul`. But this personal status code has not brought about a sociojuridical revolution, because this right has long been recognized and enforced in the Moorish society of Mauritania. Mothers instill in their daughters an awareness of their rights, especially with respect to divorce. Moorish women display an understanding, passed down orally from mother to daughter, of certain principles and provisions of Islamic jurisprendence or fiqh as understood in the Maliki school, that enables them to take initiatives to protect their wishes and interests when contracting and dissolving a marriage.

Paper short abstract:

This study focuses on the impact of higher education on women’s perception and attitudes regarding gender roles and power relations within the family. It also examines the influence of women’s education and their social presence on challenging the patriarchal structure of the society and state’s policies.

Paper long abstract:

The rise in Iranian women's participation in universities, which constitutes 60% of university students, has alarmed conservative groups, stating this would 'cause social disparity and economic and cultural imbalances between men and women'. While "Ideal Islamic society" tends to preserve traditional roles of women as "mothers and caregivers", through redefining these roles and relations, Iranian women have tried to reinforce their position within the family and in the society.

With the growth in the proportion of female university students and workforces, the patriarchal structure of the family -which highlights men's status as the head of the family and breadwinner- has been challenged. Through education and pursuing their goals, these women try to have a "voice" in the family and contribute to familial decision-making. To educated young women, the old classic definition of the family and gender authority has lost its importance and they are no longer tied to the home, nor consider themselves as subordinate in the family.

While studying women's perceptions on gender roles and power relations, this study seeks to provide a greater understanding of actual attitudes of educated women within the family. In this study, I examine how women with higher education assign meanings to the concept of family and define their roles. Also, I aim to explore the role of education on the construction of women's identities. Considering government's new policies regarding prioritising men's presence in higher education and job market, this paper, also, focuses on the extent that education has challenged Iranian conservatives' principles and contributed to a profound social change.

Paper short abstract:

High tension between professionalism work and domestic role of femininity for some good education attainment of Indonesian women still run until now. Once the women choice the professional work as mining workers, they should make a good consideration.

Paper long abstract:

In general, female workers will be faced with a dilemma situation between scientific professionalism and the inherent femininity that innate to them. Likewise, women who work in the mining sector will be faced with the same thing. Especially when considering the mining industry or the world of work is identical with men and laden with things related to heavy equipment used for mining activities, and the full time working hours by 3 shifts work. This condition become a big challenge for women as mining workers or women who work in the mining sector. Views or perceptions and strategies undertaken by the women as mining workers to meet the challenges between professionalism as a miner and natural femininity attached to them is being discuss of this study. The findings considerably can be recommended to women who will work in the mining sector, mining industry and other related venues. Studies show tension between the demands of being a miner and as a woman who can not break away from the existing natural.