Paper short abstract:

The tribes of Jharkhand (India) have a long history of migrating out of the areas. Earlier the tribal outmigration - largely in response to pull forces of economic opportunities in tea gardens and factories - was in a large part of adult and young peoples' movement.

Paper long abstract:

After Independence of India, this notion of suitability of Jharkhand tribes for tea garden climate further enhanced their demand to newly industrialized areas outside Jharkhand as unskilled laborer. A growing number of tribal women and young girls from Jharkhand are being trafficked, lured by promises of employment and marriage to Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, West Bengal and Mharashtra. Reports on the alarming rise in trafficking of minors and children for commercial sexual exploitation not only in India but also at an international level, is a matter of great concern. There have been many news papers reports and anecdotal events of the occurrence of female trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation from the districts of the state Jharkhand. Most of them are tribal, enslaved beyond the tribal zone of this state. It is evident that although the Jharkhand babies are enticed out of their homes on the pretext of lucrative jobs, they are virtually ensnared in the flesh trade supported by touts, equally attached to the two extremes of the rural Jharkhand and metropolitan cities of Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai. In fact it is a clandestine top grade that is centered round Jhankhand and it is taking advantage of its tribal natives, known for simplicity, gullibility, sincerity and affectionate nature and at the same victims of extreme poverty at local level in their hours. The main objectives of the paper are to discuss cases of tribal female trafficking and perception of people regarding the same and to develop international understanding.

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Paper short abstract:

A woman trafficking is the greatest menace in South Asian countries. Growing socio-economic vulnerability in the family has been contributing to this kind of trafficking.

Paper long abstract:

The paper is based on an empirical study of the household maids, nurses, bar dancers, beauticians, message parlor workers and a few aspirants of better life style in Kolkata and Mumbai(two metropolis). I have tried to connect a range of interrelated themes in the study like, gender, kinship and culture. Here is an attempt to impress upon how the diversities in the kinship systems and also the cultural types qualitatively affect the gender relation and subsequently determine the status of women and persistently cause gender inequality. This in turn promotes illegal or legal transfer of person. Hence one easily gets trapped into the vicious racket of sexual exploitation. In many societies certain language is used for stressing the man's rights over woman's sexuality. The investigation on the organized crime was carried out by a team of professionally qualified persons under my supervision. These initially largely based on memory and (once local suspicions subsided) derive from notes which were taken during conversations and observations. Later, we used some semi-structured interview schedules. Our two assistants(girls) helped us com to terms with the regional dialects and they also acted as cultural interpreters.

The above issues need to be addressed to for the control of women trafficking. It is proposed that a rational approach is required to combat this problem and rehabilitate the victims while banking heavily on family and kinship relations. An Asian Coordination Institute is recommended to be set up with headquarters in Nepal or Bangladesh.

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Paper short abstract:

The principal argument is that the notions of prostitution and international human trafficking held by Brazilian sex workers clash with those found in the current public debate of these issues.

Paper long abstract:

Recent critical literature on trafficking in persons draws attention to the fact that the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Portrayed Brazil in 2010 as one of the countries that export the largest number of slaves to Europe and highlights the inconsistencies of the data on which this assessment is based. These perceptions about trafficking involving Brazilian citizens were produced during the first decade of the 21st century, when European destination countries, particularly Spain, became a matter of serious concern to the Brazilian government and to NGOs. This concern was fed by multilateral supranational agencies, police actions and anti-trafficking media campaigns undertaken by the Brazilian government, and NGOs. Taking this anxiety as my point of departure, I examine in this paper the migratory processes and work experiences of Brazilian female sex workers active in Spain. It is based on ethnographic research conducted over eleven months, at different moments between November 2004 and January 2012. My principal argument is that the notions of prostitution and international human trafficking held by Brazilian sex workers clash with those found in the current public debate of these issues. Brazilian migrant sex workers' acts and beliefs defy political and cultural protocols on the national and international level, and fly in the face of the 'destiny' that Brazilian society lays out for these individuals.

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Paper short abstract:

Trafficking of women has increased significantly over the past two decades both globally and in South Asian countries. Trafficking in India occurs both across the borders as well within borders among the states and districts.

Paper long abstract:

Connected to mainland India by the thin 'chicken neck' area - the peculiar geographical location of Assam makes it more vulnerable to infiltration and insurgency resulting in slow economic growth. Over the decades, Assam has witnessed large scale migration of the local population to the comparatively richer parts of the country. The growing need for better livelihood options and employment has turned Assam into a fertile place for human traffickers and in the past few years, thousands of young men and women of the state have fallen prey to the designs of traffickers. Women and girls are trafficked within the country for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and forced marriage. In this paper an attempt has been made to highlight the present scenario of trafficking of women in Assam. The data has been collected by visiting IGP, CID Headquarter Assam and the leading NGOs working in this field. The paper reveals the last five years records on trafficking of women in Assam and the role of Assam Police and the N.G.Os on this issue and their success and failure. The paper also includes a few suggestions on the future strategy for the entire improvement of this issue.

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Paper short abstract:

The phenomenon of migration is inherent in the lives of all the animals as well as human beings. This is a technique of survival and finding a more suitable life condition.

Paper long abstract:

All the people of the world who acquire specialized specific talents, tend to migrate to a more suitable ground.

This paper attempt to examine and analyze the problem of human migration from social -ecological and -biological angle, identify the curses involved in the process and the remedies that may alleviate the pains of the indigenous people who are predominantly affected. It brings comfort and happiness and better traits in this struggle-some world, which is important for their survival and well-being.

A case study of migration of the indigenous people from Simdega district of Jharkhand reflects that migration significantly improves socioeconomic conditions of the people and shapes their biological life

.

Migration, however, when forced by some other agencies for their own benefits is 'Trafficking' which initiates a train of untold vagaries and miseries to the innocent and unsuspecting natives who are socioeconomically weak. A phenomenon of migration which may be asserted to be a mark of evolution for the developed people, becomes a curse for the vast number of indigenous population, who suffer psychologically and biologically [diseases & other health problems] and which is also a stigma for the modern civilized world.

Through a proper investigation of causes of the weaknesses of the victims, remedies may be effectively developed and the society may be saved from this man-made curse, fabricated by a nexus of greedy and insensitive people. With judicious effort 'healthy migration for the benefit of the society can be promoted with the help of Government agencies and NGOs.

Paper short abstract:

Trafficking of girls from Jharkhand has become a major concern for the state government. To put an end to this, the state department of welfare rescued 94 girls from metropolis in 2011. Migration and trafficking are related to lack of education, ignorance and basic amenities.

Paper long abstract:

Administration is also responsible for increased trafficking as this issue is not prioritized enough. The geographic condition of Jharkhand is such that it forms an easy transit point for trafficking. Jharkhand forms a triangle with Bihar, West Bengal and Orissa on three sides with large markets. Women of Jharkhand are trafficked for various reasons and not specifically for prostitution, unlike in Andhra Pradesh that has the highest rate of trafficking for prostitution. Here they are trafficked for labour purposes but are also vulnerable to sexual as well as physical exploitation.

What is needed to be done is to monitor migration of tribal women and minors, which is presently not done. In most cases, women go traceless after moving outside their state. Parents also play an important role in the exploitation because they, too, have vested interest. They do

not verify anything beforehand and depend blindly on the middlemen who take them out for work. Mostly women and girls go out with the men or women who are from their own village.

Chief minister Arjun Munda said that the government would soon come out with a state women's policy — the draft for which was prepared in 2006.We have already created bodies such as a state women's commission and state human rights commission to assist the masses," he said, adding, "A women's policy and child rights protection commission will also be in place soon."

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Paper short abstract:

This paper focuses on the magnitude and dimensions of Migration and trafficking of women and children in India, for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation. It highlights the illegal nature of migration and trafficking industry.

Paper long abstract:

Feminization of poverty in the rural hinterlands and the absence of social supports and security, lead to women and children being lured and seduced to take to 'jobs' in the entertainment sector, often seemingly on a voluntary basis.

The phenomenon of human trafficking, especially women and children for the purpose of their sexual exploitation can only be tackled if there is an all round and coordinated effort on the part of the State, civil society organizations and citizens in general. The seriousness of the issue needs to be highlighted among all sections of civil society and the State. There has to a zero tolerance approach to the issue of trafficking and proactive measures need to be taken to rescue and rehabilitate trafficked victims. Trafficking has to be viewed as a curse and crime that enslaves vulnerable sections of society to a demeaning practice, which should have no place in a civilized society. Lastly, only when we create effective mechanisms to support those already into the flesh trade to come out of it, can we speak of prostitution as a choice that some women take to in order to earn a livelihood. Negative choice can never be passed off as a choice people make to fend for themselves.

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Paper short abstract:

The Paper will examine the child trafficking, its risk factors and vulnerability areas of concern in India and some suggestive measures to mitigate it.

Paper long abstract:

Human trafficking, especially children, is a form of modern day slavery. In India, a large number of children are trafficked not only for the sex 'trade' but also for other forms of non-sex based exploitation such as domestic labour, industrial labour, agricultural labour, begging, organ trade and false marriage. Child trafficking basically is a combination or series of events that may take place in the child's home community, at transit points and at final destinations. Exploitation may occur at the beginning, middle or end of the trafficking process or indeed at several points. The main factors of trafficking are poverty, low valuation of girls, loss of traditional sources of livelihood, growing unemployment, globalization and economic disparities between countries etc. There are few laws to prevent trafficking in India like Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, (ITPA) 1956, Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls Act, 1956 (SITA), Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, Information Technology Act, 2000, Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000.

Still the condition of the child trafficked is miserable in India. Now what we require is to take some immediate and effective action against trafficking like building a protecting environment for the children, need a multidisciplinary approach in combating trafficking, urgent Ratification of the UN Trafficking Protocol, institutionalizing child-friendly procedures in law enforcement, need a vulnerability mapping of the source areas and demand areas, strengthen justice delivery system and prosecution system, human rights perspective in law enforcement etc..

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Paper short abstract:

Over the last few years, there has been an increase of female migrant domestic workers which forms a significant part of informal economy in unorganized sector.

Paper long abstract:

Domestic Service, predominantly a female occupation, is emerging as one of the major segments in Indian urban informal sector. Over the last few years, there has been an increase of female migrant domestic workers which forms a significant part of informal economy in unorganized sector. The causes of this migration are economic backwardness, limited opportunities for work, low income potential, desire to earn more and desire for urban life style.

A total of 122 tribal women of Subdega, Birmitrapur and Jareikela of Odisha and Simdega and Monoharpur of Jharkhand were studied for the purpose. And for the collection of data purposive sampling, interview schedule, case study, participant observation methods were applied.

Our findings show that more than 90% of respondents have come form impoverished peasant families or who have lost access to natural resources. Further, the study reveals that women workers in unorganized sector have very little or no access to social security no pension, no health insurance, no fixed place of working hours, lesser wages and no job security.

Verbal abuse, excessive working hours and insufficient food and sleep deprivation are their common problems despite the organized Sector Workers Social Security Act' 2008 is in operation. Thus, Govt. should take effective measures for the welfare of this invisible work-force.

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Paper short abstract:

In general terms of a developing country like India many factor as poverty,population,lack of education, low valuation of girl child,loss of traditional sources livelihood,modernization of society,basic and big demands can be seen as the problem of human trafficking.

Paper long abstract:

India is a country where the trafficking of women and children occurs frequently and the incidence is seemed to be correlated with the economic,social demographic and natural factor among others .Trafficking is one kind of migration meaning to recruitment of children and women within and across the national boundaries for work ,marriage or services by means of violence,threat of violence.

It has been observed poor helpless families and tribal society,have become the main target group of traffickers.Trafficking has became great human problem in allover human society. .In this article an attempt has been made to focus about - 1-------children and women status of trafficking.

2-------some solutions and suggestions .

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Paper long abstract:

Within the context of China's gender imbalance, cross-border trafficking of women from neighboring countries into China for marriage is an astonishingly increasing but neglected issue. In this explorative study, we first review the trafficking of women from several main source countries. Then we introduce the trafficking process and present a profile of the criminals. We still explore the actions to combat trafficking carried out by related stake-holders. Finally, we analyze the obstacles to the prevention and rescue of trafficked women. To completely eradicate trafficking in women, the Chinese government has to make long-term efforts to redress the gender imbalance.

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Paper short abstract:

Trading in human labour especially those of minor girls is a global phenomenon. Every year about four million are procured, sold or trafficked.

Paper long abstract:

Majority of these girls are trafficked by middle man locally known as agent (DALAL), some are by their near relatives or even family members. Situation is alarming as there is no trace of where about of 10% of these girls. Poverty, unemployment and illiteracy are prime reasons for migration and trafficking of girls from Jharkhand. These girls and their parents become easy prey of agents who lure them with attractive packages and life style. These trafficked girls are subjected to worst kind of economic and physical exploitation at metros. It's strange that Jharkhand has no information or data bank for these trafficked girls. This paper deals with extent of trafficking through case studies from Khunti, Ranchi and Hazaribagh districts in Jharkhand due to poverty and unemployment.