Paper short abstract:

This paper is an empirical study in the tribal state of Jharkhand, India to prove the incompatibility of human rights laws and social security programmes to control child trafficking, the root causes as violation of human rights and state’s failure to prevent re-victimization of the children.

Paper long abstract:

The human rights framework for "trafficking of children" is concerned only with the second phase of the cycle of trafficking, i.e. human rights violations due to the "phenomenon of trafficking in persons"; defining trafficking as a crime, punishments, preventive policies and effective human rights measures to protect the victims. In contrary, the protocols are silent on the first phase, which justifies that trafficking often emerges where already many human rights deprivations are prevalent. It raises the issue that does the human rights laws actually prohibit "trafficking in persons"- as opposed to "practices associated with trafficking". The present paper is an empirical study in the tribal/adivasi dominated state of Jharkhand, which UN has mapped as the most vulnerable state for trafficking of children and women in India -"from the moment the women conceive, placement agency owners start the process of auctioning the yet-unborn babies to prospective clients". The present paper has two major objectives to sort out; firstly, on the line of Amartya Sen's advocacy of "realization focussed justice system", it argues that the root causes of trafficking themselves are responsible for large scale human rights violation. Secondly, on the line of Hegelian concept of "concrete universality", it has tried to prove that the state is failed to prevent trafficking, to prosecute traffickers and to protect the human rights of the trafficked persons. Finally, how the inadequacy in rehabilitation of the trafficked persons are responsible for re-victimization, re-trafficking of children in this tribal belt of India.

Paper short abstract:

Trafficking & exploitation of tribal girls is an awful reality and recognition and continues to be a serious problem Indian society today; hence the matter of great concern. It is a crime against humanity and modern form of slavery. It violates human rights -- the right to Survival.

Paper long abstract:

Trafficking & exploitation of tribal girls is an awful reality and recognition and continues to be a serious problem Indian society today; hence the matter of great concern. It is a crime against humanity and modern form of slavery. It violates human rights -- the right to Survival.

Tribal girls are trafficked for several reasons such as poverty, loss of traditional sources of livelihood, growing unemployment, forced migration, industrial labour, agricultural labour, domestic labour, to forced early marriages, commercial sexual exploitation, internal forced labour ,entertainment & sports such as acrobatics in circus, dance troupes, beer bars, as camel jockeys, marriage, begging, organ trade, drug peddling and smuggling, the commoditisation of children and growing consumerism resulting from globalization. The socio-economic condition and geographical situation of the family add to the susceptibility.

Though there is an 'Immoral Traffic Prevention Act' that exists in India, it only refers to trafficking for prostitution and so does not provide comprehensive protection for children.

Nor does the Act provide a clear definition of 'children trafficking'. India has failed to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat children trafficking. Tribal girls require regaining their rights. Defense of human rights and encouragement of the rule of law are most effectual approach to stop and combat tribal girls trafficking and exploitation.

Paper short abstract:

Substitution in human beings and their mistreatment in wide-ranging procedures by traffickers in human beings is one of the most dreadful forms of abuse of human rights. Trafficking in its widespread sense includes not just dishonesty of prostitution of others or forms of sexual exploitation.

Paper long abstract:

Explanation of Trafficking in Persons (TIP) is, using threats, force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, and abuse of power or a position of vulnerability, giving or receiving of payments or benefits and to justify of purpose to achieve person's consent or to have control over another person, for the persistence of exploitation.

Some Myths are - Human trafficking is the equal as human smuggling, Trafficking must involve some form of travel or moving too. Women trafficking ensues in various forms including domestic servitude such as baby-sitters and maids, sweatshop factories, construction sites, migratory farm work, in service industries like restaurants and hotels, and even for panhandling. Traffickers predominantly target women because they are disproportionately affected by poverty and discrimination, factors that impede their access to employment, educational opportunities and other Sex and labour trafficking of women is a complex phenomenon with many forces that affect women's pronouncements to work anywhere. Conceivably the resilient factor is a desperate monetary situation, which impacts the availability of satisfactory employment in many countries for women more severely than men.

It is accommodating for NGOs that involve in preventive and rehabilitative work with women, children and communities to be able to identify common characteristics of trafficking. For ex. Amnesty International has identified several such characteristics, which may be useful to advocates who are working to address the problem.

Key words—Trafficking, victims, monetary, vulnerable, accommodating.

Paper short abstract:

The objective of the paper is to identify the causes and sources of girls women trafficking within India and from India to other countries The paper suggests the effective methods to prevent this organised crime.

Paper long abstract:

Human trafficking is the third largest organized crime after drugs and arms trade. Almost 80% of the human trafficking across the world is done for sexual exploitation and the rest is for bonded labour. India is considered as the hub of this crime as the girls from Nepal and Bangladesh are traded into India. These girls are usually from the age group of 9 to 14 coming from poor families sometimes sold by thier own parents.

The objective of the paper is to identify the causes and sources of girls women trafficking within India and from India to other countries The paper suggests the effective methods to prevent this organised crime. For this purpose I have adopted interview method and selected 30 persons including lawyers, NGOs, Police officers, political leaders and service agencies from Varanasi.

Keyword - Human rights, girls women trafficking, organized crime.

Paper short abstract:

Exploitation of the trafficked victims in the commercial sex industry is both a cause and outcome of gender disparity. This paper tries to find out the factors and mechanism of trafficking as well as subjective perceptions of victims about their exploitation throughout the process

Paper long abstract:

In our globalizing world, human trafficking particularly trafficking of women and children

is becoming a major human rights concern. Trafficking is now a multi-billion dollar industry run by organized criminal networks. Millions of young women and girls around the world are exploited in the commercial sex industry which is often the end destination of sex trafficking. Trafficking of young women for prostitution has become a serious concern for the government officials, policy makers and human rights activists. Oppression and exploitation in the commercial sex industry is both a cause and outcome of gender disparity. It is a violence against women and it disobeys their human rights, including the right to equality, dignity, health, agony. It perpetuates the idea that women's bodies are for sale to satisfy the male demand for sex. This paper aims to find out the factors behind trafficking of young girls like poverty, illiteracy prevalence, state-of-origin, marital status and trafficking mechanisms as the study report of UNIFEM (2002) highlighted that the trafficking of women and children must be seen in a broader context of labour migration and movement of people. These movements in turn interact with structures of gender inequality at every level - national and global, in families and communities. The subjective perceptions of the victims about trafficking and their exploitation will also to be a vital concern of this study. Because the paper encourages policy makers to revisit the issue of trafficking from a gender and a rights alert development framework.