Gender roles are the roles that society assigns to men and women based on their gender. They especially influence relationships between men and women. Women roles refer to the set of social and behavioral norms that are considered to be socially appropriate for individuals of a specific sex in the context of a specific culture. The research aims to study the traditional women roles , expectations and changes that have taken place over time in the context of growing women's employment and mobility to cities. Attitudes towards women role and expectations were done in this research. According to statistical methods samples were selected from Isfahan-Iran and questioners were filled during two month. Collected data were analyzed by using SPSS software.

Results show that changing in people's perceptions regarding household duties in Isfahan-Iran. Respondents obtained that almost all the professions are suitable for women and men with few exceptions like mechanic and sweeper only for men & nursery teacher suitable only for women. Some duties are convenient such as buying vegetables, cooking, minor electronic ect for women and men. Changing lifestyle in society's causes women worker don't have time for working inside house so they need helping inside house. Men should help women in some house works; however some works such as take bath to children need professional personal so is suitable for women.

Abstract. This paper analyses the sustainability of an organizations committed to the exploitation activities of tule Thypha spp at the Zapotlán's Lake and its socioeconomic and environmental impact in the municipalities of Gómez Farías and Zapotlán el Grande. The initial hypothesis delimits/defines the consideration of the scarce social capital of the organizations which limits development's sustainability. The research method employed is the ethnographic complemented with field work supported by informal interviews, documental and bibliographic research. The main conclusion is that there is not equilibrium between organization's sustainability due to scarce social capital and environmental and economic development sustainability

Keywords: Organizational social capital, organizational sustainability, environmental culture, economic development, Zapotlán's Lagoon.

Denied rights in the Name of Development:

A study in Chennai

Declaration on Right to Development by the general assembly of United Nation on 4th December 1986, states that "Development is an in alienable human rights by virtue of which every human person and all people are entitled to participate in, contribute to and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development, in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized" (Adil-ul-Yasin, 2004)

An increased level of urbanization is important for socio-economic development of the people and needs to be encouraged. However, we require more development planning to make it a meaningful one. But urbanization never includes the entire population in its growth.

Crisis because of worst economical and agricultural policies made life uncertain. Survival question forces the people to migrate towards urban areas in search of employment.

The urban poor by themselves neither afford to build house or spare the hard earned money for stay. So they make their staying shelters in vulnerable locations like river margins, water logged areas, road margins even if it is unhygienic and also an area prone to flood and accidents.

"Recognize the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions."

S. Lenin Raja

Ph. D Research Scholar

Department of Anthropology

Pondicherry University

lenin.red@gmail.com

'Odisha' in India, which is one of the largest tribal dominating state, off late the state rising economic growth has remained limelight in the National Science Congress 2012 meet. The Economic Survey 2010-11 at the state assembly claims that it has achieved 9.57% against the national average of 7.79%, at the same time the state has witnessed wide range of regional and social disparities in development, failing to address economic circumstances of the underprivileged & marginalized group of KBK & Mayurbhanj district of Odisha.

Although the state & central Government has introduces immense number of tribal development policies & schemes but in real it has failed to reached the targeted population. The question remains whether there are flaws in the scheme or lack of proper implementation or lack of awareness. The reasons might be many but there are less effective actions taken at the grass root level to curb the crisis.

The Mankedia Primitive Tribal groups of Mayurbhanj are the nomadic tribal groups, the Government in recent time has tried to settle the tribal groups by providing various tribal developmental schemes. The present case study has tried to explore some of the crucial factors of failure of Government schemes & the impact of development on Mankedia's on their transit phase from nomadic to settled life.

Madhulika Sahoo

Senior Research Fellow, Anthropological Survey of India

Former graduate of University of East London

madhulika.sahoo@hotmail.co.uk

In public perception, the third sector generally stands for all non-profit organizations working for the common good of the people. Along with social welfare activities, interventions in the field of social mobilization and poverty reduction have became the main thrust of these organizations since the 1970s.

There is a growing concern that targeted programmes of both the government and the non-government sectors have excluded the hardcore poor. Even the best performing programmes hardly reach the bottom segment of the population. For example, much of the NGO credit is disbursed to activities with long gestation and is probably used by the "better-off poor". This leaves out the extreme poor. But with around one quarter of the rural population falling in this category, the NGO agenda has to face a major challenge.

The investment potential of the "poor" is negligible or nil. They have neither human capital (education, skill and health) nor physical capital (land, cash and equipment). Investment in the social sectors can substantially generate productive assets for the poor and create conditions under which poor can participate and take advantage of the growth process.

Expenditures in social sectors not only increase public provision of facilities, but also likely to reach the poor. Unfortunately, many NGOs are now shifting their emphasis and resources more and more from social sector programs to seemingly visible activities like micro credit.

The concept of self-reliance is based on the principles of trusting one's own power, learning by doing, and regenerating through one's own efforts, advocate the use of resources to satisfy human needs in combination with mass mobilization, concentration on the home market and participation in making political decision at various levels. It is also associated with self-empowerment process of the nation in the global context and of individual and community in the national context. It is concerned with the "search for an individual path toward development studied to the traditions of the each particular country as an alternative to the growth and world market oriented development strategy of Western capitalist states and the planned development strategy of Eastern states"(Ferdowsi 1996:190).

The self-help idea was reformulated as a synthesis of the above mentioned development strategy comprising the central aspects of certain other new (and old) concepts such as 'development from below', 'social education', 'target group-oriented development', 'appropriated technology' or 'the small is beautiful', school of thinking etc. It is clearly poverty oriented and deals with the so-called target groups instead of communities. The aspects of participation or in their totality get again, the greatest attention, but strategies to initiated and promote participation differ from the previous concepts.

The Chains, a little-known community of West Bengal, belong to the scheduled caste category. The community is concentrated in Maldah, Murshidabad, Nadia and Dinajpur and also in some adjoining areas of Jharkhand and Bihar.

Development is a human-centered process, reflecting socio-political, economic and cultural values, the fulcrum on which the growth of humans in a society depends. The paper aims to make a formulative advance with existential conditions of this particular community. My focus, of course, will be to shed light on the structural heterogeneity of culture that undermines development. The socio-cultural constitution of the Chain caste with the nature of interaction forms and psycho-social interaction forms will remain a part of my endeavor, highlighting on the semiotic aspects of shared relations and culture willing to go for change for development. What is the validation of development of dualism in the Chain society? Economic, technological and regional dualism is the consequences of social dualism. In some sections of the Chain society we find a conscious suppression of the traditional elements and concentrations on "modern." Revisiting Rostow, has the Chain society all the pre-requisites of the 'take-off stage' with a drive towards maturity?

The five basic paradigms for the development of the underdevelopment of the Chains are: economic growth, employment, social justice to reduce inequality, participation as political involvement and social sharing and independence as freedom from external domination. Can Andre Gunder Frank's views of dependency theory on world system be condensed with different visions to this particular society?

In India tribal communities are recognized as a major weaker section. The constitutional safeguards provide special approach to tribal development. The tribes too are increasingly participating in the regional and national socio-political processes. However development projects in tribal belts cause displacement of people and entail multiple losses for the displaced populations. In this context the study focused on the rehabilitation programme of the tribal communities affected by the Sardar Sarovar Project. It was conducted in the resettlement villages located in Nandurbar district in Maharashtra State. Results show that in the resettlement process the material losses are compensated for more effectively. However, when it comes to non-material losses it is rather the resettling population which has to reorganize its own social life. The resettled people have reorganized their social identities which has altered traditional intra- community interaction patterns.

In the heterogeneous surrounding of resettlement villages clan seems to have lost its weight as the primary base for interaction on daily basis. The formation of neighbourhoods on the basis of membership in the village of origin has accentuated the traditional village identity and people have become more conscious of the tribal identities on account of their proximity and daily interactions with non-tribal communities. Certain components of the rehabilitation programme have complimented the process of social reorganization.

Infant mortality is considered as a marker of socio-economic development of a nation. The Ladiya, an offshoot of a scheduled caste of Central India has been studied. Rate of infant mortality indicates a very high level (110 per 1000 live births) among them. Living condition of the studied population is deplorable, characterized with marked poverty, lack of sewage and housing which consisted mostly of one or two living rooms per household. A high per cent of the womenfolk among them are illiterate (71.57). The mothers in the present study are found to opt for frequent child bearing in order to make up the loss, despite the consequent risk of their health as well as survival.

Ladiya mothers who enjoyed high level of autonomy in family decision-making experienced relatively low incidence of infant deaths (14.2%). Incidence of infant deaths is highest (29.8%) among the respondents who have negligible importance in the process of family-decision making. However, slight improvement (moderate level of autonomy) in women's position is found to have considerable effect in declining the incidence of infant deaths. Thus it infer that efforts to be made to improve Ladiya women's level of educational attainment and raising their active participation in economic activities for better employment. This, in turn, will help them to have more autonomy in decision making to overcome the high infant mortality rate, which determines life expectancy of children surviving and hence birth rate as well as natural growth rate of population too.

The Ladiya, a Depressed Class of central India is studied to assess the nutritional status. According to prevalence of stunting, manifestation of malnutrition is very high among the Ladiya children. Female children show much higher per cent of malnutrition than that of the male children. Prevalence of malnutrition increases with increasing of age. While, in age 5 years per cent of malnutrition was 13.3 among the boys it reached to 90 per cent in 16 years. Side by side, among the girls per cent of malnutrition in age 5 was 40 it reached to 90 per cent in 16 years. This is indicative of deepening crisis of malnutrition among the Ladiya population group. Comparing measurements of Ladiya children's height with NCHS growth standard lower age group children shows less per cent of stunting compared to higher age groups. This indicates a high prevalence of underweight and height in this population. It is to be mentioned that living condition of the studied population is deplorable, characterized with high poverty and lack of personal hygiene and sanitation. A high per cent of the womenfolk among them are illiterate and mostly engaged in bidi binding job. A comprehensive nutrition intervention programme is to be launched among them to overcome this crisis.

The Indian government had tried to bring about a decentralized system of governance in all the rural areas through the 73rd Amendment of the Constitution.

But since the tribals have a weaker social base, the Act was modified to benefit them particularly in the Vth Schedule areas where they are more concentrated. The tribal areas in the North East which are mostly covered by the VIth Schedule were left out of it's ambit. A field study conducted by the author very recently in the Vth Schedule areas of Madhya Pradesh revealed that the government efforts have not brought about any significant change to the life situation of the tribals there. Still now seasonal out migration during agriculturally lean seasons is tremendous. Besides the right to self-determination has not been ensured and the problems of Naxalism and Maoism along with armed militancy continues unabated. This paper tries to unfurl the field realities.

Emancipation of women is a pre-requisite for nation‟s economic development & social upliftment. The present research focuses on the changes of empowerment of the tribal women through SHG & compares the perception about women empowerment between SHG members & their respective family members. The study took socio-economic, political, entrepreneurial empowering and health & family welfare empowering. The study reveals that the SHG members had been empowered through SHG in some of the facets of the empowerment, but still due to the several constraints they were unable to empower themselves in most of the facets of empowerment. Especially in the field of social and political empowerment they were found not at all empowered. Even after the implementation of the 73rd Amendment Act, not single santal women were found who the member of the panchayat was. Even not they took part any kind of political issues. Not a single women took part in the decision making process alone. For any kind of decision they were either depended upon their husband or upon their family. It was astonished to found that though the SHG members thought that they were empowered in some facets but their family members thought that they were not empowered enough in any aspect. Work burden, lack of education, less training, dependency on husband, lack of support from the family members, economic constraints etc. were found as the constraints of women empowerment. It has given concrete and useful suggestions for the tribal development through empowerment process of SHG.

In the contemporary era, India is rising as a great power in terms of its growth and development through industrialization and other means. Indeed, on the one side these developmental means have been growing to enhance our national economy, and on the other side gap between rich and poor is gradually widening as a result of defective economic policies and programmes of the state. In this context, tribal people are mostly sufferers in the diverse ways which destabilize their human security as a matter of serious debate and discussion among the researchers, bureaucrats and policy makers as well as by the common people. To examine impacts of industrialization and other developmental policies and programmes over the tribal people the study has taken Odisha as a case. Although Odisha is abundance of natural resources and also having various industrialization processes, developmental policies and projects with foreign governments and international organizations, still regional imbalance in the different parts of the state is growing year after year which the cause of growing problem like 'Naxalism' in Odisha as a great threat to internal security of India, where tribal people are basically involved. It is in this back drop, there is growing acceptability of naxalism among the poor people in general and the tribal in particular which has further strengthened the naxal movement in the Odisha. The study addresses various causes behind the failure of state to stabilize tribal human security and highlights some effective measures to stop these problems.

Tribal people at the time of Independence were economically backward and underdeveloped. So one of the avowed commitments of the Government of Independent India has been to bring about the all-round development of tribal and other underdeveloped people and raise their level of development at par with the 'developed' section of the society. Towards the fulfilment of this national goal there are constitutional safeguards, and special provisions in policy measures and plan programmes in the nature of preferential discrimination and affirmative action. Despite these efforts, a cursory observation shows that the underdeveloped, precisely the tribals, have not come at par with the 'developed' section except a few families from among them. The gap that existed at the beginning of the introduction of initiatives for their development still exists after more than 60 years of specific attention to them; and in some cases the gap has widened. The present paper is an attempt to understand the continuity of the gap between the 'developed' and the 'underdeveloped' along the axes of education, livelihood and health with Arunachal Pradesh of Northeast India as case study.

Sriniwas (1966), points that caste adopts over time to changing opportunities and circumstances. Though the nature of outcomes based on caste has changed due to rapid economic growth, it comes out through micro level evidence than in the aggregate.

Kancha Ilaiah (2004) points, despite resistance from the depressed castes the hegemonization of brahminical culture practice and ritualism has been established through well designed ideological and political moves. Dalit bias runs deeper and deeper even in 21st century, not only among the uneducated people but also among highly educated.

Scheduled Castes (SCs) make up 10.2 % of Maharashtra's total population. Maharashtra was ranked fourth in terms of Human Development Index (HDI) in 2001. Despite significant progress in the economic sphere, sections like urban slum dwellers, marginal farmers, agricultural landless labourers, tribals and scheduled caste people are distinctly underprivileged and are still lagging behind the general population in all development spheres. (Census 2001).

The Central and the State Govt. /Union Territories have according to the exigencies of time, evolved and adapted several intervention mechanism for the welfare of SCs. However, growth has not trickled down to the poor scheduled castes as expected, as millions of them are still living in deplorable conditions. The question remains whether there are flaws in the schemes or lack of proper implementation or lack of awareness.

The present study has tried to explore the development of SC's through survey of scheduled caste population in two selected districts of Pune Division with high SC population.

Dr. Jyoti Shetty

Documentation Officer

CESJ, YASHADA

Pune.

Social exclusion is the outcome of multiple deprivations that prevent individuals or groups from participating fully in the economic, social, and political life of the society in which they live. Hann (1994, 2004) social exclusion can usefully be defined as "the process through which individuals or groups are wholly or partially excluded from full participation in the society within which they live". Mayara Buvinic (2005) Social exclusion is the denial of equal opportunities imposed by certain groups of society up on others which leads to inability of an individual to participate in the basic political, economic and social functioning of the society.

Social exclusion concept helps us in understanding the nature and causes of deprivation. There is general agreement on the key features of social exclusion, that it relates to poverty and inequality.

In today's scenario, developmental studies are necessary to explore the subject of social exclusion. Social Exclusion in India has its roots in India's historical divisions along lines of caste, tribe, and women and till today exclusion revolves around caste, tribe, women and exclude, discriminate, isolate, deprive them and perpetuate inequality. These inequalities are more structural in nature and culturally rooted.

The Korkus are one of the oldest aboriginals in India. They are socially excluded and suffer from poverty, socioeconomic backwardness, displacement, child deaths and malnutrition. All these contributing towards the Extinction of Korkus.

The present study focuses on the concept of Social Exclusion and poverty through understanding social-cultural and economic aspects of Korkus from the Anthropological perspective.

The present study deals with the changes in occupation of Baseri tribe in Iran as an impact of urbanization. This work includes a thick description about Baseri's occupation in traditional and city life followed by critically analyzing changes in occupation pattern among them as a consequence of urbanization and modernization. The economic structure of the Baseri tribe is generally based on pastoralist agriculture. The pastoral economy of the Baseri depends on the utilization of extensive pastures and the Baseri invest labor in anything else than the care of animals to satisfy the immediate needs for comfort of the household members. It requires organized and systematic division of labor within the tribe.

This study is essentially based on comparative approach of social-cultural anthropology and development. Comparison is made to analyze the changes in traditional occupation during migration among Baseri in rural and urban settings. The primary data were collected through direct interview of 400 Baseri households in Marvdasht city of Iran.

The findings of research show the impact of urbanization on Baseris occupation in urban life, and changes in nature of occupation of Baseri tribe. Today due to urbanization, development and adoption of modern life style the base of economy is changing.

In recent decades, more women take advantage of university education and turning them into economic and social activity, especially in large cities, has created new value in the family. And the transformation of marital relations and promote economic and social status of women and their new identity is created. Values are ideas and notions of what a particular culture as good or bad, have a tendency or desire attention. Values are the foundation of all interactions. And women are half the population and make up half the workforce community. Considering that women as a great power can be a big part of responsibility of tolerance and progress. It is necessary to understand their condition, value, careful planning, creating and promoting opportunities to learn science and technology. It features not only between men and women in technology through the collaboration of these two classes, but was prevailed on the problems of underdevelopment. The development of intellectual development, cultural, political, economic and social development refers to the overall capability and capacity in all aspects of a society lead. Development in all countries to improve the quality of human life and promote the ideals and values are accepted and the role of any factor in developing countries cannot be seen with the human factor. Hence, investment in education and efficient use of their abilities in science- the executive is a social necessity.

Globalization has gained momentum especially after we have entered the new millennia. The tribal world of India's north east has also undergone immense changes at the onset of globalization and technological advancement. Changes, however, did not initiate or consolidate from within India's north east region only. Economic advancement within other parts of India bridges the long gap between India's 'mainland' and India's north east which has long been isolated from the rest of the country. Subsequently, the rich ethnic background of these indigenous tribes is confronted with unknown cultures and traditions, thus challenging their indigenous tribal identity.

Every since the inception of India as a sovereign state from the British imperial power, geographical and cultural difference between land-locked Northeast and 'mainland' India has potentially become a complex phenomenon which underpins the question of identity and its related issues. The celebrated cultural plurality of India is inclined to a paradigm shift from nationhood to a state of 'in-between-ness' (Pachau 2008). While this notion of 'in-between-ness', I argue, is a cognitive and politico-administrative production and reproduction of dominant forces viz-a-viz British and Center-state, this 'in-between-ness' is constructed with general assumptions such as 'Northeast' and 'tribe(s) with particular culture and identity (Baral 2006). This paper, however apt it may be to include the analytical evolution of indigenous tribal identity within the backdrop of nation-state formation; my sole attempt is to try and determine the means and ways by which indigenous tribes attain their identities within a globalizing India.

Economy of tribe is a projection of tribal society, a response to its ecosystem. Major tribal communities in India correspond to the typology- 'peasant economy', which is 'a system of small producers with simple technology and equipment, often relying primarily for their subsistence, on what they themselves produce' (Firth 1951).

Livelihood is closely associated with food, and largely affects economy. Food Security is necessary for Sustainable Development and future. Despite 'green revolution', starvation in certain tribal regions in India continues. 80% of tribal population in Maharashtra depends upon agriculture, supplemented with marginal hunting/ fishing/ minor forest produce/ labour.

Production of food primarily depends upon natural resources. Management of natural resources helps in getting a desired quality/ quantity of crop. This paper deals with Pawra tribal community from forest villages in Satpuda mountain ranges. This forest dwelling community faces various problems related to land ownership. They have their own method of acquiring 'land for cultivation'. Some families from few villages on the banks of river 'Uday', have taken an initiative of irrigating land under cultivation. This initiative has resulted in 'a shift in cropping pattern' from 'simple millets to cash crops'. This success reflects a 'self support approach in development'. Another group utilises selected portion of river-bed for cultivation. Quality of life of these families has improved considerably.

In the early phase of Human Rights, Political, Social and Economic rights were main components but after that right to Development as well as right to Education, right to Health etc are also important fields of discussion. Education is a fundamental human right and essential for the exercise of all other human rights (UDHR, 1948). It promotes individual freedom and empowerment and yields important development benefits. Yet millions of women remain deprived of educational opportunities. Education is a fundamental human right.Now a day the development of a society is depending on Educational development with its high demands. Indigenous Peoples want to revitalize these basic elements of their learning systems, while they learn new ideas and skills to survive in their rapidly changing environment. The question of education of tribal women particularly is still uncertain which needs urgent attention of the planners and implementers. The present study focuses on the problems and the status of education of the tribal women. International (UDHR, UNESCO etc) and National level agencies may help to promote the awareness among the people but still the rural areas are facing problems regarding educational backwardness especially the rural tribal women are far from the reality). In India, literacy rates among tribal men and women are respectively 59.17 per cent and 34.76 per cent for female (census, 2001). Gender disparity is even more marked among the Scheduled Tribe women, compared to total female literacy rate. So, a demand for tribal women's education is only not basic human rights but a genuine national need.

Women's participation in socioeconomic development projects is often regarded as essential for their wellbeing and empowerment. However, previous studies indicate that women's participation in the development projects may increase their workload and family conflict in the context of patriarchal social structure in rural Bangladesh. This study explores the gendered characteristics of the design and practice of mothers' clubs - a women-focused development project implemented for poverty reduction, family health, and women's empowerment in rural Bangladesh.

Fieldwork was conducted in three sub-district set-ups in northwest Bangladesh.

The mothers' club project has given more importance on the use of women's labour for household poverty reduction rather than their empowerment and wellbeing. Social workers believe that married women and their income should be in control of their husbands. They suggest participant women to obey and take good care of their husbands.

To some extent, women-empowering social development projects build on gendered social norms in rural Bangladesh. It is recommended that the development projects should address patriarchal norms by creating an environment where people may have a chance to re-think the importance of women's socioeconomic roles and rights.

Why do "development" interventions fail to produce intended consequences? The conventional analysis overlooks a potentially more useful analysis of whether the development interventions themselves are based on false assumptions. Building on the insights of Ferguson's "anti-politics machine", the paper identifies the roots of the false assumptions as a lingering of the Weberian tradition of ideal type state. Joel Migdal's challenge to the ideal type state helps to understand the existing fragments of power brokers in a society that guide social control and political power. Based on these theories, the paper provides an adequate understanding of how development works by exploring the politics of hunger deaths in Kashipur, Odisha (India). It shows that development interventions failed to address the issue of hunger deaths in Kashipur not because there were drought in the area, lack of development interventions or failure of institutional support mechanisms but because of the power play of the local elites who controlled the food as well as apathy of the state to address the root causes of hunger deaths. By attributing hunger deaths to "drought", "food poison", or "cholera", attention has been diverted from the fact that severe food shortage is a chronic problem in Kashipur. The development interventions mostly in the form of "relief measures" have ensured disempowerment and vulnerability of the tribals and reinstated the simulation that land in Kashipur is infertile to produce enough for the tribals to sustain. Therefore, the paper argues that development interventions justify their continuance by producing "underdevelopment" of various kinds.

Development has been defined as a process of change aimed at improving the lives of the citizens that make up a society. It is a process of growth in various sectors including health, economy, politics, technology, culture and society. On the other hand when the process is retrogressive, it is referred to as underdevelopment. This paper, using Nigeria as a case study considers the concept of development using the interplay of labor and leisure as possible variables that could affect a country's growth. The paper is an historical review of transformations in the tangible and intangible culture s of Nigeria and how these have affected and influenced social and cultural definitions and practices. Qualitative data will be obtained through ethnographic reports, autobiographies, as well as the mass media.

The question of development of 'Primitive tribal groups' (PTG) or particularly vulnerable tribal group have posed a serious challenge to government. After pushing hard the idea of economic development in the name of progress and failing to get the desired results, the government initiated a new approach called conservation and development since 2007 to bring about overall development in these communities. Conservation and Development the key words which guide the new approach apparently appears to share an uneasy relationship. As a part of this policy a special five years program called conservation and development (CCD ) plan has been initiated in the PTG.s since 2008 comprising six components, viz., education, health, livelihood, agriculture, irrigation, housing and conservation of culture and traditional knowledge. This paper examines the impact of this program on a PTG community called the Bharias of Madhya Pradesh. Bharias whose total population is less than three thousand, live in a place called Patalkot at a depth of 1600 m in the Chindwarra district of the state. The enclosed environment and self sufficient life style (with all their needs being met from their immediate environment), gave rise to a unique social organization and way of living, very different from the outside world. It created a hiatus between the world view of the Bharias and the outsiders. The administrative efforts jumpstarted a civilization, very different in its ethos and contents, on the path of economic growth and development so as to enable it to integrate with the outside world.

Oakley (1999) observes that co-operation means participation of individuals in an affair, action or certain objective together with and in interaction to other individuals who consider similar purposes. According to Michael Twodaro (1989) 'the necessity of paying attention to rural development in relation to urban development is not because majority of third world population reside in rural regions, but the reason is that the final solution for solving unemployment and population growth problems is optimizing rural environment". The purpose of rural development involves a deep change in social, cultural and economic conditions which is a method for increasing accessible opportunities and facilities for people. The purpose of present study is to investigate cultural, social, religious and economic factors which have an impact upon affecting involvement, participation and co-operation of community in the development of villages of Sar Firoozabad district located in Kermanshah province in Iran. For the present study, qualitative and quantitative methods have been used in combination for data collection. This study indicates that culture, religion, confidence, mutual trust, and social solidarity/ cohesion have an impact upon involvement and participation of people in the development of rural regions. It is observed that mere administrative, technical and factors associated with infra-structure do not have a significant role in motivating the community members for involvement, co-operation and participation in the process of rural development

The existence of the world, including Bangladesh, is at risk due to the adverse impact of climate change. Bangladesh is acknowledged as one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change since it has already experienced some devastating natural disasters worth mentioning the recent Super Cyclone 'Sidr' and 'Aila'. The country is the worst victim of the negative consequences of climate change and climate related disasters which contribute to loss of life, decline in agriculture production, displacement of human beings, losses of valuable livestock, disruption in communication and livelihood system. These impacts of the disasters induced by climate change are making the country's economy sluggish. The country is losing a good number of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) each year due to various natural disasters and this is why the country's GDP growth rate is also fluctuating and making the economy more vulnerable and unpredictable. The aim of this paper is to depict the relationship between climate change and natural disaster on the development efforts taken by the government in Bangladesh. In this context the study employed the qualitative assessment primarily based on current literature and also on primary data and information. This paper urges urgent action by both developed and developing nations to reduce the risk of climate change for ensuring development of the poor country like Bangladesh to keep pace the current of globalization.

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Occupation of women in the world had considerable effect on expansion of feministic approach for equality of opportunities and removal of discrimination. Recent one -hundred history of Iran in the process of industrial change has proved this fact.

In Iran the role of woman in creative social production has had one -century record started concurrently with their participation in Constitutional Revolution and protection of which complementary Constitutional Law and has serious approach in the first step for employment toward culture and modernism with regard to national and religious specification.

The aim of this research was to determine unequal and discrimination in employment women in Iran. Survey method involves sampling that is choosing a small manageable study group from a larger population and impersonal data collection .In survey, questionnaires are always structured. The structured questionnaires are prepared in advance.

Result observed women stated that gender inequality is an obstacle for them in getting job. Women believed that tradition ideology plays an important role in getting job. Women have pointed at unsuitable working condition such as working hours, part time jobs, low payment, and no insurance. Women indicated that have problem while finding job. The main reason for all these problems is discrimination against women.

Repeal of the Criminal Tribes Act 1952, resulted in closing of Government supervised settlements and cotton mills, attached to these settlements. This forced many de-notified groups into unemployment and extreme poverty. The Pardhi community which had already lost its original habitat- the forests, was forced to take up nomadic way of life- wandering from place to place in search for a livelihood and a base for sustainable economic activity.Those who were stressed due to loss of their livelihood, migrated for survival, to different places in Maharashtra. In this process many of the Pardhi families reached Mumbai.

The basic problems they have faced in Mumbai are related to the survival needs such as finding a sustainable source of livelihood, finding space for living, availability of water, lack of documentary evidence related to identity thereby leading to harassment by different officials. It is unfortunate and pathetic that after getting de-notified about 60 years ago, even today, majority of the people belonging to Pardhi community- have neither a place where they belong to, nor do they have any specific occupation. It has been observed that major population of Pardhi community in Mumbai is socially, culturally, as well as spatially in a flux.

This paper is an attempt to understand the identity crisis of the Pardhi community in Mumbai.

The total 200 sample sizes were considered randomly, all they were the telephone and mobile phone users. The questionnaires which contain the 24 closed ended questions related to socio-economic aspects. All of the users derive better benefits of telecommunication services although it incorporates some harmful aspects. This paper explores telecommunication services and shows its socio-economic impacts on people in Maharashtra.

The study confirmed that there is a positive correlation between telecommunication and quality of life indicators. It has been found that telecommunication contribute significantly towards enhancing income, employment, and entrepreneurship and economic opportunities and improving quality of life especially in rural areas. As wireless technologies required much lowered cost to roll out over large areas than fixed line systems, mobile can potentially play vital role in socio-economic development. telecommunication technology provide affordable communication services which can solve so many problem of society and every individuals and countries every individual respondents is highlighted saving in travel cost and time also physical exertion and made daily life easier due to telecommunication services. it was found that , telecommunication also help in improving transport services, business efficiency, efficiency of taxi services, financial services, healthcare services.

To businesses telecommunication networks used as the life line. This telecommunication network can be used to create economic opportunities strengthen social ties between migrant workers and their families. Telecommunication is essentially for socio-economic development, education, healthcare, knowledge, transportation, safety and security, physical disabled people, emergency and nation building.