The Internet has long stimulated discussion around the idea of an alternative economy based on reciprocal exchange. To date, however, the benefits of this gift economy have been largely limited to the realms of cyberspace. By contrast to the global, virtual, gift economy that developed online, this paper explores the way in which Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), traditionally renowned for enhancing global reach, can be used to build and strengthen local exchange systems using community currencies. The research focuses specifically the Community Exchange System (CES), which originated in Cape Town towards the end of 2002, and is currently used by 343 exchanges in 34 countries.

The paper proposes that web-based community currencies can provide an alternative to the current economic system, allowing for a relationship-centred approach to exchange, centred on the principle of reciprocity, and fostering a spirit of abundance over scarcity. It is proposed that what Karl Polanyi (1944) referred to as the 'great transformation' of the 20th century, characterised by a shift in emphasis from human relationships to market price mechanisms, may be reversed in the 'network society' (Castells, 1996), in which principles of reciprocity and gift exchange are re-embedded in 'relationship economics' (Deragon, 2007).

The paper deals with picture of ethnic entrepreneurs in Indonesia that is substantiated by field research done in two Sumatran cities in 2011. Two main research questions were of how ethnic entrepreneurs specifically express their ethnic identity in doing business? What entrepreneurialism do they mean in involving business in the urban context? Three main concepts emphasized in the paper are ethnic identity, entrepreneurialism and urban culture. Type of enterprises studied was small scale and the actors are focused on service and goods sellers. The paper explains, firstly, ethnic entrepreneurs who are regarded as socio economic agents who doing their enterprise by articulating dynamically ethnic identity. It is articulated through name of enterprise that is obviously referring ethnic attributes, language used and typical commodities they sell. Secondly, entrepreneurialism that is a kind of business tenet was studied by exploring some variables e.g. internal motivation, vision of doing business and basic knowledge to choose type of enterprise. Lastly, urban culture is regarded as actual context of doing business. It was analysed as a threating as well as encouraging business realms for agents. In sum, ethnic entrepreneurs in Indonesia may picture type of indigenous market agents who develop a kind of indigenous entrepreneurialism through ethnic-based enterprises with their interface to urban culture. Therefore, understanding ethnic entrepreneurs in Indonesia is one of ways to comprehend the interplay of ethnic identity, entrepreneurialism and urban culture.

Today's market reality is characterized by an increase in supply of various goods and services, the possibility of a broad selection, aggressive marketing impact on consumers. The report discusses the concept of the tradition of economic anthropology in such aspects as the «Traditional - innovative» and «traditional - modern» in a consumer culture, «tradition and fashion». Based on the analysis of empirical data of ethnological research conducted by the author, some of the features of consumer behavior of Russian and Tatar were revealed. They are related to the objectives of shopping motives, the purchase of new things, evaluating the impact of advertising and other marketing tools on the lifestyle, value system of family members, etc. The particular attention is paid to the characteristics of consumer behavior such as «followers of traditions». Several socio-demographic characteristics of the Russian and Tatar, whose traditions, such as other factors affect consumer preferences and determine the direction of consumer activity, were identified. The comparative psychographic profile of consumers of Russian and Tatar «followers of traditions» was built.

The report is prepared with financial support of Russian Foundation for Humanities, project № 12-01-00018 "Ethno-cultural models of consumer practices: the case of the Republic of Tatarstan".

Performance appraisal may be defined as a structural formal interaction between a subordinate and supervisor that takes in the form of a periodic interview (annual or semi-annual), in which work performance of the subordinate is examined and discussed, with a view to identifying weaknesses and strengths as well as opportunities for improvement and skill development. This paper is based on the study which was conducted in a steel factory in Yamunanagar ( Haryana, India) that exported steel, The aim was to asses skills within an organization and the impact of promotion on their performance. The data was generated from 21 respondents which represent 10% employees in the organization using qualitative tools of data collection: The employees from different departments in the selected field site were identified to know about their views on the ongoing process of performance and performance appraisal in the company. The study brought to the fore how in small-scale industrial units performance appraisal was an informal exercise. There were stipulated guidelines in place and to meet those regular records of individual worker's performance were made but these were mere formalities. This impacted quality of work and brought individual resentment among workers.

The Lanzhou Hand-pulled Beef Noodles is well recognized by Chinese people as a regional Halal food brand created by Lanzhou people in Qing dynasty in Gansu province of China. But now there are about 80% Lanzhou Hand-pulled Beef Noodles restaurants in coastal cities of China are not run by Lanzhou people, but are run by the Muslim peasants from Qinghai province, and among of them most are from one of counties named Hualong in Qinhai province. Even more surprising is more than 50% Hualong Hui are involved in the Lanzhou Hand-pulled Beef Noodle restaurant business, and in which there are more than 10,000 households and almost 70,000 people are involved until 2011. Why the Qinghai Hui Muslims choose the Lanzhou Hand-pulled Beef Noodle as the food they want to sell? Why the phenomenon of turtledove occupying the magpie's nest occur broadly in a society which more and more emphasizes the value of legalization and modernization? Based on the ethnographic study in several China cities and Qinghai province, this paper discusses its culture and market logics. This story reveals the tortuous and complicated urbanization process of the ethnic minorities who are not well known by the majorities. These practices of brand choice have become the vulnerable groups' tactics resisting the uneven development policies and institutions between the urban and the rural, the frontier and the coastal, the ethnic minorities and the dominant society during the process of market transition and the globalization.