e-paper Are there any natives in the West?: competing discourses of westerness and nativeness at a heritage site

Author(s): Linda Scarangella 

Abstract

Cultural tourism and heritage sites are spaces for the production of national identity, culture and history. Tourist sites, however, produce partial histories and valorize selective identities. This paper considers the politics of recognition - that is the exclusion and inclusion of Nativeness - at a heritage site in Sheridan Wyoming. I examine how Westernness and Nativeness are constructed by and through reenactments and performances of the "wild west" at Sheridan's "Buffalo Bill Days" event. While the dominant discourse commemorates Western history and identity, I argue that Native participants contest this discourse through their performances, which celebrate contemporary Native culture and identity.

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e-paper Black skin, white yacht: contesting race opposition in Panapompom tourist encounters

Author(s): William Rollason 

Abstract

Panapompom, a small island in the Louisiade Archipelago of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, is a popular destination for yachts. The arrival of a yacht reiterates the founding opposition of Panapompom efforts to appear developed: that between the white other and the black self, striving towards the other's position of wealth and power. This opposition grounds contests over local identities and the form of the community.



Yachts are a useful source of ropes, sails, lead ballast, and other high value items for local people. Requesting things of white tourists, however, places Panapompom people in a developmental bind. In the normal run of day-to-day development, local people seek to present an image of parity with their imagination of white people by rejecting 'primitive native custom' in favour of 'developed' or 'modern' modes of acting. However, perceived tourist demands for the attention of natives, not developed counterparts, leads to a humiliating dilemma for local people. How should they present themselves to tourists as attractive people of culture and local knowledge, while at the same time using them as an avenue to development?



I dwell on the efforts of one young informant, Maipu, whose own response to this conundrum focuses on the development of a personal style that I gloss as black as opposed to native. Asserting his identity as a mystic 'bush doctor', criminal and rapper, he populates the space opened by the white-black dichotomy with a parallel culture that seems to offer parity in difference. At the same time, his black style brings him into conflict with local elders who see his attempts on the white other as an immoral transgression of the Christian norms of the developing community.

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e-paper From Namu to Najie: tourism, titillation and the reshaping of Mosuo identity

Author(s): Eileen Walsh 

Abstract

As mobility and consumption link to create the rush of domestic tourists across China, more and more "remote" peoples and places are called upon to define themselves - both to package themselves for marketing as well as to try to remember and hold onto group identity in the face of the "golden hordes" of wealthier tourists descending on their locales. Decades of inclusion in the Chinese state, media, national education, and now ethnic tourism have created competing versions of Mosuo identity in Yongning, northwest Yunnan. The Mosuo at Lugu Lake have had to deal with romantic notions of the lake as both a land of wise matriarchs and a feminist paradise or a land of frolicking maidens and a place for quick and easy trysts. Meanwhile, the image of Namu, known to urban Chinese as the ultramodern Mosuo, competes with images of "daughters" and "princesses" at secluded and ostensibly backward Lugu Lake. Within this paper, I explore discourses and countercurrents of identity produced by tourism in the Lugu Lake area, and the challenges to simple configurations of Han and "Other" as a basis for ethnic politics and understandings in China. I describe media representations of the Mosuo, as well as their responses, and then turn to a discussion of gender, ethnicity and Mosuo identity. I use the example of Namu to look at how Mosuoness is being created, debated and presented. I contrast this with notions of cultural preservation presented by scholars and tourism officials working on preserving Mosuo culture to interrogate ideas of culture and authenticity.

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e-paper Mission and modernity in Morelos: the problem of a combined hotel and prayer hall for Muslims in Mexico

Author(s): Mark Lindley-Highfield of Ballumbie Castle 

Abstract

A recent visitor to Mexico, from Muslim Aid, commented on the necessity for religious projects to exhibit self-sufficiency. The dependence on external aid should, now, never be taken for granted. In such a climate, the need for entrepreneurial ingenuity is essential to the successful operation of any religious enterprise. Dar as Salam is the product of a pioneering Mexican project to bring a place of worship and conference centre to the Mexican Muslim convert community. To provide itself with some revenue, it opened the doors of its residential accommodation to the public for visitors to the popular Mexican weekend retreat of Tequesquitengo in Morelos. With this coincided a critique of the relationship between the place's Mexican and Muslim identities. Tequesquitengo provides the Muslim converts of Mexico with a retreat from the ordinary pressures of Mexican life, which has been likened to the hijra, or exile, performed by the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). Yet, non-Muslim visitors who come to stay have brought with them the indulgencies of their modern lifestyle, including the drinking of alcohol, and fornication. Some Muslim visitors to the mosque have therefore been critical of the haram, or forbidden, nature to some of the activities taking place there, yet the centre remains dependent on such sources of revenue for its existence. In this paper, I examine how the dual nature of this conflict between being Muslim and Mexican mirrors to some extent the experiences of the wider Mexican convert community, yet how this predicament is an inevitable product of the desire of external investors to minimize a venture's dependency on external resources in a context where the Muslim community is developing.

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e-paper Mobile and insular islands: contested visions of Caribbean spaces in tourism development

Author(s): Carlo Cubero 

Abstract

This paper will address the social contests that arose out of a series of tourism development projects on the Caribbean island of Culebra. I will discuss how the development debates not only produced contrasting aesthetic values of the island's landscape but also placed at stake the limits of what constitutes the Culebra space. I will show how the arguments deployed during the development controversy constructed a mobile and insular island at different times and simultaneously. I will further argue that, while the protagonists of development debate represented contrasting political agendas, the constructions of Culebra as mobile and insular were mutually informing arguments that constituted Culebra's political discourse. I believe that the seemingly contradictory position of Culebra islanders towards their island represents a positive tension from where islanders construct a political identity and that the understanding of this paradox is key for further understanding the complexities of Caribbean politics in general and Culebra politics in particular.



Local authorities, in coordination with the Puerto Rico national government, set in motion an aggressive development policy under the justification of "bettering the quality of life" for the people of Culebra. The idea that the quality of life of Culebra had to be improved through tourism development was based on a discourse that constructed Culebra as poor, marginal and insular alongside with an imagery of the island's landscape as inhospitable, harsh and unproductive. Proponents of the development agenda argued that Culebra's historical insularity had worked against it and had left the island on the margins of the Puerto Rico national project. To develop the island for tourism, the argument went, would alleviate the issue of marginality and insularism by bringing Culebra into the national fold. However, local supporters of tourism development used their platform to also argue for Culebra's uniqueness and separation from the Puerto Rico national project. This uniqueness and separation from the national space was based on a discourse of mobility that represented Culebra society as mobile and operating in relation to a variety of spaces that lay outside of the national framework.



In a similar way, resistance to the development project parted from the premise that the Culebra landscape was beautiful, pristine and untouched and that a development agenda would threaten the paradisiacal quality of the landscape. Development resistance valued Culebra's insularity and marginality in relation to the Puerto Rico national project and saw the Puerto Rico sponsored development program as an antidemocratic scheme forced on to the island. Such an aggressive development program, the argument went, would affect the intimate, insular, social relations that characterise the island's way of life. It drew on imagery of Culebra being a traditional fishing community under threat by neo-liberal policies and capitalist investment groups. However, the anti-development discourse also drew from mobile practices and discourses by lobbying the support of North Americans that lived on the island, who were involved in their own transnational network of movement. The anti-development argument also drew from experiences and connections that Culebra has historically maintained with the neighbouring islands of the region that do not correspond to Puerto Rico's nor Culebra's national, racial, linguistic and academic discourse of identity.



I will examine how narratives of insularity and mobility gave shape to Culebra's current political debates. I will show how people of Culebra deployed arguments that assumed insular, national, regional and global understandings of the island in order to produce political strategies during the most aggressive development projects carried out in Culebra up to date. This paper will focus on the tensions created between national, global and insular understandings of modern development discourse and their articulation with island identities. I will specifically address the ways in which people in the Caribbean island of Culebra negotiate, appropriate and produce strategies of identity in a process that promises to affect the physical landscape of the island, people's relationship to the landscape and affect the patterns of consumption that identify Culebra.

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e-paper Negotiating rubbish in Dhermi/Drimades of southern Albania

Author(s): Natasa Gregoric Bon 

Abstract

This paper discusses how the meaning of rubbish on the coast of Dhermi (official name) Drimades (local name) in Himara Municipality of Southern Albania is related to construction and reconstruction of social and spatial boundaries and vice versa. Firstly in 1997, after the fall of the pyramid schemes and the loss of the state control in the post-communist Albania and later on after the year 2000, when the national coastal road to Dhermi/Drimades was rebuilt, tourist facilities on the coastal plain of Dhermi/Drimades enlarged in number. First owners of these tourist facilities, such as small hotels, apartments and restaurants, were mainly newcomers from Vlora and Tirana who bought the land that used to belong to the state in the period of communism (1945-1990). Later, after 2000, the returnees from Greece, whose parents originate from Dhermi/Drimades, joined these endeavours and built their tourist facilities on the land which belonged to their ancestors. Nowadays, with the growing number of tourists coming to the coast of Dhermi/Drimades, coinciding with the absence of communal service, the dumpsites along the main road and in the clearings are rising in numbers and rubbish is becoming an important issue in general. This paper illustrates how the owners of tourist facilities and the tourists, represented by emigrants originating from Dhermi/Drimades and other places throughout Albania, as well as others coming from Vlora and Tirana or rarely from different parts of Europe, discuss the rubbish as contested. In their representations, they negotiate who is responsible for the rubbish. During these negotiations the local owners and the emigrants originating from the Dhermi/Drimades construct and reconstruct the social and spatial boundaries and their sense of belonging.

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e-paper The work of tourism and the fight for a new economy; the case of the Papua New Guinea Mask Festival

Author(s): Keir Martin 

Abstract

The annual Papua New Guinea Mask Festival is held each summer in the town of Rabaul, the former capital of East New Britain Province until its partial destruction by a volcano in 1994. The festival is organised by the PNG government's National Cultural Commission as a key part of its mission statement to, 'preserve and protect culture in PNG', yet it is also explicitly envisaged as a potential tourist attraction. The event is always controversial at a local level. As might be expected there are often considered to be tensions between the two stated purposes of the event, with local critics questioning the extent to which an event designed to attract tourist dollars preserves rather than damages custom. In particular, the participation of the tubuan, a masked dancing figure of a secret male society of the local Tolai people provokes particular concern; tubuans are considered to have important work to do in marking the relationships between clans at mortuary events and the propriety of raising them when they 'have no work to do' is questioned.



This is not the only controversy surrounding the festival however. Since the eruption, the provincial capital has been moved to the nearby town of Kokopo, provoking much anger amongst those, especially expatriate Australians, who have commercial interests in Rabaul. They doubt the claims that Kokopo is physically safer and suspect corrupt financial motives on the part of government bureaucrats. Sometimes reasons are found to suggest moving the Festival to Kokopo which provokes fury amongst these interest groups, especially those involved in the hotel and tourism industries.



These two controversies may seem to be unrelated, yet I argue that they both speak to a sense of unease about the nature of economic relations in the post-disaster environment. The first controversy speaks to a rapidly growing consciousness of economic differentiation amongst grassroots Tolai of which a feeling that powerful elites are commercialising custom is a central part. The second controversy speaks of a sense amongst a previously economically powerful, but now marginalised group that the disaster has become an opportunity to reorganise the economy away from the commercial vitality of Rabaul towards an economy dominated by corrupt bureaucrats doling out aid money in Kokopo. In both cases the contest over the location and meaning of the attempts to draw tourists to the area at the Festival can be understood as a central part of a wider struggle to renegotiate economic relations in the immediate context of post-disaster reconstruction and the wider context of ongoing neo-liberal globalisation.

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e-paper Where in Scotland is Dumfries and Galloway? Tourism as a vehicle for locating and challenging national and local politics, economics and identity in periphery Scotland

Author(s): Broughton Anderson 

Abstract

To the tourist, Scotland, as promoted by its national tourist site, elicits a distinctive picture: castles, tartans, bagpipes, the highlands and kilts. However, regions on the periphery of the nation often struggle to attract tourists because they do not always "fit" this national picture. I examine Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland as a site at the crossroads of national tourism: an important economic endeavor that concomitantly highlights how marginalized regions struggle to compete for tourism profits and challenges national policies designed to promote economic development. As an archaeologist, I approach tourism, its practices and processes, as artefacts/material culture that reveal local agency in the midst of hegemony. The use of ethnography uncovers locals' everyday experiences with their past and present landscape revealing a diverse but no less intimate relationship with the changes brought about by tourism. Tourism thus becomes a vehicle for exposing deeper political, economic and social issues at play in Scotland's development as a nation.

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